Associate Professor Steven Pratt
Associate Professor
School of Chemical Engineering
+61 7 336 54943
Researcher biography
Biography:
Steven Pratt is an Associate Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at The University of Queensland, where he leads research on process development for sustainable waste management. His research focus is on utilising waste streams as feedstocks for the production of biomaterials and biofuels. The outcomes from these activities feed into broader biorefinery research programs, which aim for waste streams to be routinely utilised as feedstocks.
He has authored over 50 scientific papers on related topics, with his major contribution to the field of environmental biotechnology being the invention of the TOGA® Sensor for examination and control of biotech/bioprocess systems. Widespread interest in TOGA® led to an agreement between Massey University and Scion for the commercialisation of the technology.
Research:
Assocaite Professor Pratt is a research and education leader in environmental engineering, known internationally for his work on the development of polyhdroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics, and their associated wood-fibre composites, and nationally for his delivery of training courses to environmental professionals. His research is industrially relevant; he has published on models for effective industry-education partnerships.
He is now Director of the new ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre in Bioplastics and Biocomposites. ARC Centre for Bioplastics and Biocomposites
Plastics are now ubiquitous in our lives, and the systems within our modern society could not function without these light weight, easily formable, strong, cheap, durable, and readily available materials. However, our success at engineering such useful materials has created a systemic problem, with more than 10 million tonnes of plastic leaking into the global environment annually. Urgent change is needed to address this 'plastic crisis', and biodegradable bioplastics, along with their natural fibre composites, will play a pivotal role in this transition to a more sustainable plastics economy. Already, we are witnessing unprecedented growth in the global bioplastics industry – the projected annual growth to 2030 is 16-30%, leading to an estimated global market value of US$40B. As the world transitions towards the integration of bioplastics into a more sustainable plastics economy, there is a real opportunity for Australia to transform our existing plastics industry. Australia is uniquely positioned to become a global leader in the emerging bioplastic and biocomposite industry this decade, supported by our abundance of the raw natural materials needed for their manufacture. The ARC Training Centre for Bioplastics and Biocomposites will capitalise on Australia's abundant natural bioresources to drive advances in technology for the development of bioplastic and biocomposite products for the new bioeconomy.
Teaching and Learning:
Dr Pratt has taught a variety of courses in process engineering, including Environmental Systems Engineering, Wastewater Treatment, Clean Technology and Environmental Biotechnology.
Additionally, he has run the IWES Principles of Wastewater Treatment course, which has an intake of about 100 professionals each year.
Projects:
ARC ITTC for Bioplastics and Biocomposties.
Publications
Book Chapters
Candry, Pieter, Carvajal-Arroyo, José Maria, Pratt, Steven, Sousa, João, Akyol, Çağri, Fatone, Francesco and Ganigué, Ramon (2022). Anaerobic fermentation technologies for the production of chemical building blocks and bio-based products from wastewater. Resource Recovery from Water: Principles and Application. (pp. 159-196) IWA Publishing.
Chan, Clement Matthew, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2022). Effects of natural weathering on aesthetics, thermal and mechanical properties of completely biodegradable composites. Aging effects on natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites: durability and life prediction. (pp. 173-188) edited by Chandrasekar Muthukumar, Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani and Suchart Siengchin. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-8360-2_10
Pratt, Steven, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Gapes, Daniel, Werker, Alan, Oehmen, Adrian and Laycock, Bronwyn (2019). Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics from organic waste. Biorefinery: integrated sustainable processes for biomass conversion to biomaterials, biofuels, and fertilizers. (pp. 615-638) edited by Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel and Jens Ejbye Schmidt. Springer International Publishing: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10961-5_26
Dilkes-Hoffman, L.S., Pratt, S., Lant, P.A. and Laycock, B. (2019). The role of biodegradable plastic in solving plastic solid waste accumulation. Plastics to Energy. (pp. 469-505) edited by S.M. Al-Salem. Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813140-4.00019-4
Journal Articles
Sarabian, Esmaeil, Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2023). Occurrence and behaviour of colloidal silica and silica-rich nanoparticles through stages of reverse osmosis treating coal seam gas associated water. Water Research 120866, 120866. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120866
Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven and Halley, Peter (2023). A perspective on biodegradable polymer biocomposites - from processing to degradation. Functional Composite Materials, 4 (1) 10. doi: 10.1186/s42252-023-00048-w
Colwell, John, Pratt, Steven, Lant, Paul and Laycock, Bronwyn (2023). Hazardous state lifetimes of biodegradable plastics in natural environments. Science of the Total Environment, 894 165025, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165025
Sarabian, Esmaeil, Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2023). Synergistic effect of calcium and magnesium on silica polymerization ancolloidal silica fouling in bench-scale reverse osmosis filtration. Desalination and Water Treatment, 308, 1-17. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2023.29923
Mai, Jingjing, Garvey, Christopher J., Chan, Clement Matthew, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2023). Synthesis and characterisation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) multi-block copolymers comprising blocks of differing 3-hydroxyvalerate contents. Chemical Engineering Journal, 475 146175, 146175. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146175
Mai, Jingjing, Pratt, Steven, Laycock, Bronwyn and Chan, Clement Matthew (2023). Synthesis and Characterisation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-b-poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Multi-Block Copolymers Produced Using Diisocyanate Chemistry. Polymers, 15 (15) 3257, 3257. doi: 10.3390/polym15153257
Mai, Jingjing, Chan, Clement Matthew, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2023). Understanding the reaction of hydroxy-terminated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) random copolymers with a monoisocyanate. Macromolecules, 56 (6), 2328-2338. doi: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02513
Chan, Clement Matthew, Lyons, Rebecca, Dennis, Paul G., Lant, Paul, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2022). Effect of toxic phthalate-based plasticizer on the biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoate. Environmental Science andTechnology, 56 (24), 17732-17742. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06583
Chan, Clement Matthew, Martin, Darren, Gauthier, Emilie, Jensen, Paul, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2022). Utilisation of paunch waste as a natural fibre in biocomposites. Polymers, 14 (18) 3704, 1-16. doi: 10.3390/polym14183704
Liu, Yiting, Li, Wen, Li, Kai, Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar, Pratt, Steven, Hassanpour, Morteza, Lu, Haiqin and Zhang, Zhanying (2022). Tailored production of lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils from sugarcane bagasse pretreated by acid-catalyzed alcohol solutions. Carbohydrate Polymers, 291 119602, 119602. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119602
Mai, Jingjing, Chan, Clement Matthew, Colwell, John, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2022). Characterisation of end groups of hydroxy-functionalised scl-PHAs prepared by transesterification using ethylene glycol. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 205 110123, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110123
Redding, M. R., Witt, T., Lobsey, C. R., Mayer, D. G., Hunter, B., Pratt, S., Robinson, N., Schmidt, S., Laycock, B. and Phillips, I. (2022). Screening two biodegradable polymers in enhanced efficiency fertiliser formulations reveals the need to prioritise performance goals. Journal of Environmental Management, 304 114264, 114264. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114264
Hasan, Md M., Batalha, Nuno, Fraga, Gabriel, Ahmed, Mohamed H. M., Pinard, L., Konarova, Muxina, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2022). Zeolite shape selectivity impact on LDPE and PP catalytic pyrolysis products and coke nature. Sustainable Energy and Fuels, 6 (6), 1587-1602. doi: 10.1039/d2se00146b
Lin, Limin, Pratt, Steven, Li, Zhiheng and Ye, Liu (2021). Adaptation and evolution of freshwater Anammox communities treating saline/brackish wastewater. Water Research, 207 117815, 117815. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117815
Maria Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Lina, Astals, Sergi, Pratt, Steven, Jensen, Paul D. and Schenk, Peer M. (2021). Osmotic shock pre-treatment of Chaetoceros muelleri wet biomass enhanced solvent-free lipid extraction and biogas production. Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts, 54, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102177
Levett, Ian, Donose, Bogdan C., Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2021). High-resolution micro-computed tomography reveals cracking in a hydrophobic composite; a new mechanism for mobilisation in controlled release applications. Biosystems Engineering, 203, 44-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2020.12.001
Fraga, Gabriel, Santos, Mirella S., Konarova, Muxina, Hasan, M. D., Laycock, Bronwyn, Batalha, Nuno and Pratt, Steven (2021). Role of catalyst support's physicochemical properties on catalytic transfer hydrogenation over palladium catalysts. ChemCatChem, 13 (24), 5191-5202. doi: 10.1002/cctc.202101170
Lin, Limin, Pratt, Steven, Crick, Oliver, Xia, Jun, Duan, Haoran and Ye, Liu (2021). Salinity effect on freshwater Anammox bacteria: ionic stress and ion composition. Water Research, 188 116432, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116432
Redding, M.R., Phillips, I., Pratt, C., Paungfoo-Lonhienne, C., Levett, I., Hill, J., Mehta, C., Bailey, T., Brackin, R., McAuley, J., Pratt, S., Laycock, B. and Mayer, D.G. (2020). Can nitrogen source and nitrification inhibitors affect in-season nitrogen supply?. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51 (16), 2189-2204. doi: 10.1080/00103624.2020.1822383
Fraga, Gabriel, Yin, Yuling, Konarova, Muxina, Hasan, M. D., Laycock, Bronwyn, Yuan, Qinghong, Batalha, Nuno and Pratt, Steven (2020). Hydrocarbon hydrogen carriers for catalytic transfer hydrogenation of guaiacol. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45 (51), 27381-27391. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.136
Pratt, Chris, Kingston, Kate, Laycock, Bronwyn, Levett, Ian and Pratt, Steven (2020). Geo-agriculture: reviewing opportunities through which the geosphere can help address emerging crop production challenges. Agronomy, 10 (7) 971, 1-26. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10070971
Levett, Ian, Liao, Minjie, Pratt, Chris, Redding, Matthew, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2020). Designing for effective controlled release in agricultural products: new insights into the complex nature of the polymer–active agent relationship and implications for use. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100 (13) jsfa.10531, 4723-4733. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10531
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2020). Mechanical stability of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs). Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28 (5), 1571-1577. doi: 10.1007/s10924-020-01697-9
Donose, Bogdan C., Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2020). Silica-polyamide nanofriction in electrolyte solutions: insights into scaling of RO membranes. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 586 124206, 124206. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124206
Turner, Christopher, Donose, Bogdan C., Kezia,, Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2020). Silica fouling during groundwater RO treatment: the effect of colloids’ radius of curvature on dissolution and polymerisation. Water Research, 168 115135, 115135. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115135
Luangthongkam, Pawarisa, Strong, Peter James, Syed Mahamud, Syarifah Nuraqmar, Evans, Paul, Jensen, Paul, Tyson, Gene, Laycock, Bronwyn, Lant, Paul Andrew and Pratt, Steven (2019). The effect of methane and odd-chain fatty acids on 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) synthesis by a Methylosinus-dominated mixed culture. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 6 (1) 50. doi: 10.1186/s40643-019-0285-1
Dilkes-Hoffman, Leela, Ashworth, Peta, Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven and Lant, Paul (2019). Public attitudes towards bioplastics – knowledge, perception and end-of-life management. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 151 104479, 104479. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104479
Luangthongkam, Pawarisa, Laycock, Bronwyn, Evans, Paul, Lant, Paul and Pratt, Steven (2019). Thermophilic production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydrovalerate) by a mixed methane-utilizing culture. New Biotechnology, 53, 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.06.008
González-González, Lina María, Astals, Sergi, Pratt, Steven, Jensen, Paul D. and Schenk, Peer M. (2019). Impact of osmotic shock pre-treatment on microalgae lipid extraction and subsequent methane production. Bioresource Technology Reports, 7 100214, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100214
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2019). Insights into the biodegradation of PHA/wood composites: micro- and macroscopic changes. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 21 e00099. doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2019.e00099
Dilkes-Hoffman, Leela Sarena, Pratt, Steven, Laycock, Bronwyn, Ashworth, Peta and Lant, Paul Andrew (2019). Public attitudes towards plastics. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 147, 227-235. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.005
Lin, Limin, Pratt, Steven, Rattier, Maxime and Ye, Liu (2019). Individual and combined effect of salinity and nitrite on freshwater Anammox bacteria (FAB). Water Research, 169 114931, 114931. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114931
Matthew Chan, Clement, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Ma, Yiming, Chen, Guo-Qiang, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2019). Understanding the effect of copolymer content on the processability and mechanical properties of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/wood composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 124 105437, 105437. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.05.005
Dilkes-Hoffman, Leela Sarena, Lant, Paul Andrew, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2019). The rate of biodegradation of PHA bioplastics in the marine environment: a meta-study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142, 15-24. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.020
Levett, Ian, Pratt, Steven, Donose, Bogdan C., Brackin, Richard, Pratt, Chris, Redding, Matthew R and Laycock, Bronwyn (2019). Understanding the mobilisation of a nitrification inhibitor from novel slow release pellets, fabricated through extrusion processing with PHBV biopolymer. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67 (9) acs.jafc.8b05709, 2449-2458. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05709
Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Chan, Clement Matthew, Werker, Alan, Richardson, Des, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2018). Experimental data for extrusion processing and tensile properties of Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polymer and wood fibre reinforced PHBV biocomposites. Data in Brief, 22, 687-692. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.12.084
Langford, Alexandra, Chan, Clement Matthew, Pratt, Steven, Garvey, Christopher J. and Laycock, Bronwyn (2018). The morphology of crystallisation of PHBV/PHBV copolymer blends. European Polymer Journal, 112, 104-119. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.022
Chan, Clement Matthew, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan, Laycock, Bronwyn and Vandi, Luigi-Jules (2018). Mechanical and physical stability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based wood plastic composites (WPCs) under natural weathering. Polymer Testing, 73, 214-221. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.11.028
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2018). Mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/wood flour composites: effect of interface modifiers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135 (43) 46828, 46828. doi: 10.1002/app.46828
Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Chan, Clement Matthew, Werker, Alan, Richardson, Des, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2018). Extrusion of wood fibre reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biocomposites: Statistical analysis of the effect of processing conditions on mechanical performance. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 159, 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.015
González-González, Lina María, Zhou, Lihong, Astals, Sergi, Thomas-Hall, Skye R., Eltanahy, Eladl, Pratt, Steven, Jensen, Paul D. and Schenk, Peer M. (2018). Biogas production coupled to repeat microalgae cultivation using a closed nutrient loop. Bioresource Technology, 263, 625-630. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.039
Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Chan, Clement, Werker, Alan, Richardson, Des, Laycock, Bronwyn and Pratt, Steven (2018). Wood-PHA composites: mapping opportunities. Polymers, 10 (7) 751, 751. doi: 10.3390/polym10070751
Dilkes-Hoffman, Leela S., Lane, Joe L., Grant, Tim, Pratt, Steven, Lant, Paul A. and Laycock, Bronwyn (2018). Environmental impact of biodegradable food packaging when considering food waste. Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 325-334. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.169
Dilkes-Hoffman, Leela S., Pratt, Steven, Lant, Paul A., Levett, Ian and Laycock, Bronwyn (2018). Polyhydroxyalkanoate coatings restrict moisture uptake and associated loss of barrier properties of thermoplastic starch films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135 (25) 46379, 1-9. doi: 10.1002/app.46379
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2017). Mechanical performance and long-term indoor stability of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based wood plastic composites (WPCs) modified by non-reactive additives. European Polymer Journal, 98, 337-346. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.041
González-González, Lina María, Correa, Diego F., Ryan, Stephen, Jensen, Paul D., Pratt, Steven and Schenk, Peer M. (2017). Integrated biodiesel and biogas production from microalgae: Towards a sustainable closed loop through nutrient recycling. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1137-1148. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.091
Chan, Clement Matthew, Johansson, Peter, Magnusson, Per, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Arcos-Hernandez, Monica, Halley, Peter, Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven and Werker, Alan (2017). Mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate-rich biomass assessment and quality control using thermogravimetric measurement methods. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 144, 110-120. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.07.029
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2017). Composites of wood and biodegradable thermoplastics: a review. Polymer Reviews, 58 (3), 444-494. doi: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1380039
Montano-Herrera, Liliana, Laycock, Bronwyn, Werker, Alan and Pratt, Steven (2017). The evolution of polymer composition during PHA accumulation: the significance of reducing equivalents. Bioengineering, 4 (1) 20, 20. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering4010020
Donose, Bogdan C., Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2017). Advanced microscopy of inorganic colloids sampled from consecutive stages of RO filtration. Colloid and Interface Science Communications, 17, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.colcom.2017.01.002
Levett, Ian, Birkett, Greg, Davies, Nick, Bell, Aidan, Langford, Alexandra, Laycock, Bronwyn, Lant, Paul and Pratt, Steven (2016). Techno-economic assessment of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production from methane - the case for thermophilic bioprocessing. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4 (4A), 3724-3733. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.07.033
Donose, Bogdan C., Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2016). Insight into the initial stages of silica scaling employing a scanning electron and atomic force microscopy approach. Journal of Membrane Science & Technology, 6 (4). doi: 10.4172/2155-9589.1000163
Chan, Clement, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond, Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2016). Processing and characterisation of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based wood plastic composites: effect of non-reactive additives. Appita Journal, 69 (4), 352-360.
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2016). Cycling of iodine by microalgae: iodine uptake and release by a microalgae biofilm in a groundwater holding pond. Ecological Engineering, 94, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.001
Bai, Xue, Lant, Paul A., Jensen, Paul D., Astals, Sergi and Pratt, Steven (2016). Enhanced methane production from algal digestion using free nitrous acid pre-treatment. Renewable Energy, 88, 383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.054
Strong, Peter James, Laycock, Bronwyn, Syed Mahamud, Syarifah, Jensen, Paul, Lant, Paul A., Gene Tyson and Pratt, Steven (2016). The opportunity for high-performance biomaterials from methane. Microorganisms, 4 (1) 11, 11. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms4010011
Janarthanan, Om Murugan, Laycock, Bronwyn, Montano-Herrera, Liliana, Lu, Yang, Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Werker, Alan and Pratt, Steven (2016). Fluxes in PHA-storing microbial communities during enrichment and biopolymer accumulation processes. New Biotechnology, 33 (1), 61-72. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.07.007
Mohd-Zaki, Zuhaida , Bastidas-Oyanedel, Juan R. , Lu, Yang, Hoelzle, Robert, Pratt, Steven, Slater, Frances and Batstone, Damien J. (2016). Influence of pH Regulation Mode in Glucose Fermentation on Product Selection and Process Stability. Microorganisms, 4 (1) 2, 2. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms4010002
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2015). Stabilisation of microalgae: iodine mobilisation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bioresource Technology, 193, 219-226. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.063
Bai, Xue, Schenk, Peer M., Yuan, Zhiguo, Lant, Paul A. and Pratt, Steven (2015). Enhanced triacylglyceride extraction from microalgae using free nitrous acid pre-treatment. Applied Energy, 154, 183-189. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.045
Zaman, Masuduz, Birkett, Greg, Pratt, Christopher, Stuart, Bruce and Pratt, Steven (2015). Downstream processing of reverse osmosis brine: characterisation of potential scaling compounds. Water Research, 80, 227-234. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.004
Arcos-Hernandez, M., Montano-Herrera, L., Janarthanan, O.Murugan., Quadri, L., Anterrieu, S., Hjort, M., Alexandersson, T., Karlsson, A., Karabegovic, L., Magnusson, P., Johansson, P., Bengtsson, S., Morgan-Sagastume, F., de Vegt, O., Laycock, B., Pratt, S., Halley, P., Lant, P. and Werker, A. (2015). Value-added bioplastics from services of wastewater treatment. Water Practice and Technology, 10 (3), 546-555. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2015.063
Bai, Xue, Lant, Paul and Pratt, Steven (2015). The contribution of bacteria to algal growth by carbon cycling. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 112 (4), 688-695. doi: 10.1002/bit.25475
Astals, S., Musenze, R. S., Bai, X., Tannock, S., Tait, S., Pratt, S. and Jensen, P. D. (2015). Anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and algae: impact of intracellular algal products recovery on co-digestion performance. Bioresource Technology, 181, 97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.039
Naghdi, Forough Ghasemi , Thomas-Hall, Skye R., Durairatnam, Reuben, Pratt, Steven and Schenk, Peer M.P. (2014). Comparative effects of biomass pre-treatments for direct and indirect transesterification to enhance microalgal lipid recovery. Frontiers in Energy Research, 2 (DEC) 57, 57. doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00057
Janarthanan, Om Murugan, Yu, Yang, Laycock, Bronwyn, Werker, Alan and Pratt, Steven (2014). Fractionation of microbial populations in a PHA accumulating mixed culture and associated PHA content and composition. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 71, 53-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.055
Laycock, Bronwyn, Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Langford, Alexandra, Buchanan, Jessica, Halley, Peter J., Werker, Alan, Lant, Paul A. and Pratt, Steven (2014). Thermal properties and crystallization behavior of fractionated blocky and random polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers from mixed microbial cultures. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131 (19) 40836, 1-19. doi: 10.1002/app.40836
Laycock, Bronwyn, Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Langford, Alexandra, Pratt, Steven, Werker, Alan, Halley, Peter J. and Lant, Paul A. (2014). Crystallisation and fractionation of selected polyhydroxyalkanoates produced from mixed cultures. New Biotechnology, 31 (4), 345-356. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.05.005
Bai, Xue, Naghdi, Forough Ghasemi, Ye, Liu, Lant, Paul and Pratt, Steven (2014). Enhanced lipid extraction from algae using free nitrous acid pretreatment. Bioresource Technology, 159, 36-40. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.133
Prasad, Penny, Pullar, David and Pratt, Steven (2014). Facilitating access to the algal economy: mapping waste resources to identify suitable locations for algal farms in Queensland. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 86, 47-52. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.01.008
Laycock, Bronwyn, Halley, Peter, Pratt, Steven, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul (2014). Erratum to “The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates” [Prog. Polym. Sci. 38 (2013) 536–583]. Progress in Polymer Science, 39 (2), 396-396. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.007
Laycock, Bronwyn, Halley, Peter, Pratt, Steven, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul (2014). The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Progress in Polymer Science, 39 (2), 397-442. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.008
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2014). Composting of waste algae: A review. Waste Management, 34 (7), 1148-1155. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.01.019
Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul (2014). Biodegradable polymers from pulp and paper wastewater streams - a critical review. Appita Journal, 67 (4), 309-315.
Montano-Herrera, Liliana, Pratt, Steven, Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Halley, Peter J., Lant, Paul A., Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2013). In-line monitoring of thermal degradation of PHA during melt-processing by Near-Infrared spectroscopy. New Biotechnology, 31 (4), 357-363. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2013.10.005
Keymer, Philip C., Lant, Paul A. and Pratt, Steven (2013). Modelling microalgal activity as a function of inorganic carbon concentration: accounting for the impact of pH on the bicarbonate system. Journal of Applied Phycology, Online First (3), 1-8. doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-0146-9
Keymer, Philip C., Pratt, Steven and Lant, Paul A. (2013). Development of a novel Electrochemical System for Oxygen Control (ESOC) to examine dissolved oxygen inhibition on algal activity. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 110 (9), 2405-2411. doi: 10.1002/bit.24905
Shilton, A., Powell, N., Broughton, A., Pratt, C., Pratt, S. and Pepper, C. (2013). Enhanced biogas production using cow manure to stabilize co-digestion of whey and primary sludge. Environmental Technology, 34 (17), 2491-2496. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2013.774032
Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Laycock, Bronwyn, Donose, Bogdan C., Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Al-Luaibi, Salah, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul A. (2013). Physicochemical and mechanical properties of mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). European Polymer Journal, 49 (4), 904-913. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.10.025
Keymer, Philip, Ruffell, Ian, Pratt, Steven and Lant, Paul (2013). High pressure thermal hydrolysis as pre-treatment to increase the methane yield during anaerobic digestion of microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 131, 128-133. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.125
Laycock, Bronwyn, Halley, Peter, Pratt, Steven, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul (2013). The chemomechanical properties of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Progress In Polymer Science, 38 (3-4), 536-583. doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.003
Buchanan, Jessica, Slater, Frances R., Bai, Xue and Pratt, Steven (2013). Algal growth and community structure in a mixed-culture system using coal seam gas water as the water source. Environmental Technology, 34 (6), 695-701. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2012.715676
Shilton, Andy, Chen, Leon, Elemetri, Ibrahim, Pratt, Chris and Pratt, Steven (2013). Active slag filters: rapid assessment of phosphorus removal efficiency from effluent as a function of retention time. Environmental Technology, 34 (2), 195-200. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2012.689365
Yuan, Zhiguo, Pratt, Steven and Batstone, Damien J. (2012). Phosphorus recovery from wastewater through microbial processes. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 23 (6), 878-883. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.001
Arcos-Hernandez, M. V., Pratt, S., Laycock, B., Johansson, P., Werker, A. and Lant, P. A. (2012). Waste activated sludge as biomass for production of commercial-grade Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). Waste and Biomass Valorisation, 4 (1), 117-127. doi: 10.1007/s12649-012-9165-z
Arcos-Hernandez, Monica V., Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven, Donose, Bogdan C., Nikolić, Melissa A. L., Luckman, Paul, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul A. (2012). Biodegradation in a soil environment of activated sludge derived polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHBV). Polymer Degradation and Stability, 97 (11), 2301-2312. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.035
Pratt, S., Liew, D., Batstone, D. J., Werker, A. G., Morgan-Sagastume, F. and Lant, P. A. (2012). Inhibition by fatty acids during fermentation of pre-treated waste activated sludge. Journal of Biotechnology, 159 (1-2), 38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.02.001
Bastidas-Oyanedel, Juan-Rodrigo, Mohd-Zaki, Zuhaida, Zeng, Raymond J., Bernet, Nicolas, Pratt, Steven, Steyer, Jean-Philippe and Batstone, Damien John (2012). Gas controlled hydrogen fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 110, 503-509. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.122
Pratt, S., Werker, A., Morgan-Sagatume, F. and Lant, P. (2012). Microaerophilic conditions support elevated mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) yields, but result in decreased PHA production rates. Water Science and Technology, 65 (2), 243-246. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.086
Cirne, D. G., Bond, P., Pratt, S., Lant, P. and Batstone, D. J. (2012). Microbial community analysis during continuous fermentation of thermally hydrolysed waste activated sludge. Water Science and Technology, 65 (1), 7-14. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.705
Pratt, C., Shilton, A., Haverkamp, R. G. and Pratt, S. (2011). Chemical techniques for pretreating and regenerating active slag filters for improved phosphorus removal. Environmental Technology, 32 (10), 1053-1062. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2010.525749
Morgan-Sagastume, F., Pratt, S., Karlsson, A., Cirne, D., Lant, P. and Werker, A. (2011). Production of volatile fatty acids by fermentation of waste activated sludge pre-treated in full-scale thermal hydrolysis plants. Bioresource Technology, 102 (3), 3089-3097. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.054
Powell, N., Shilton, A., Pratt, S. and Chisti, Y. (2011). Luxury uptake of phosphorus by microalgae in full-scale waste stabilisation ponds. Water Science and Technology, 63 (4), 704-709. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.116
Powell, N., Shilton, A., Pratt, S. and Chisti, Y. (2011). Phosphate release from waste stabilisation pond sludge: significance and fate of polyphosphate. Water Science and Technology, 63 (8), 1689-1694. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.336
Lu, Y., Slater, F. R., Mohd-Zaki, Z., Pratt, S. and Batstone, D. J. (2011). Impact of operating history on mixed culture fermentation microbial ecology and product mixture. Water Science and Technology, 64 (3), 760-765. doi: 10.2166/wst.2011.699
Bastidas-Oyanedel, Juan-Rodrigo, Mohd-Zaki, Zuhaida, Pratt, Steven, Steyer, Jean-Philippe and Batstone, Damien J. (2010). Development of membrane inlet mass spectrometry for examination of fermentation processes. Talanta, 83 (2), 482-492. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.034
Arcos-Hernandez, Mónica V., Gurieff, Nicholas, Pratt, Steven, Magnusson, Per, Werker, Alan, Vargas, Alejandro and Lant, Paul (2010). Rapid quantification of intracellular PHA using infrared spectroscopy: An application in mixed cultures. Journal of Biotechnology, 150 (3), 372-379. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.939
Morgan-Sagastume, Fernando, Karlsson, Anton, Johansson, Peter, Pratt, Steven, Boon, Nico, Lant, Paul and Werker, Alan (2010). Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in open, mixed cultures from a waste sludge stream containing high levels of soluble organics, nitrogen and phosphorus. Water Research, 44 (18), 5196-5211. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.043
Powell, Nicola, Shilton, Andy, Chisti, Yusuf and Pratt, Steven (2009). Towards a luxury uptake process via microalgae – Defining the polyphosphate dynamics. Water Research, 43 (17), 4207-4213. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.011
Pratt, C., Shilton, A., Haverkamp, R. G. and Pratt, S. (2009). Assessment of physical techniques to regenerate active slag filters removing phosphorus from wastewater. Water Research, 43 (2), 277-282. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.020
Powell, Nicola, Shilton, Andrew N., Pratt, Steven and Chisti, Yusuf (2008). Factors influencing luxury uptake of phosphorus by microalgae in waste stabilization ponds. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (16), 5958-5962. doi: 10.1021/es703118s
Broughton, Alistair, Pratt, Steven and Shilton, Andy (2008). Enhanced biological phosphorus removal for high-strength wastewater with a low rbCOD:P ratio. Bioresource Technology, 99 (5917), 1236-1241. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.013
Pratt, C., Shilton, A., Pratt, S., Haverkamp, R. G. and Elmetri, I. (2007). Effects of Redox Potential and pH Changes on Phosphorus Retention by Melter Slag Filters Treating Wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 (18), 6585-6590. doi: 10.1021/es070914m
Pratt, Steven, Tan, Michael, Gapes, Daniel and Shilton, Andy (2007). Development and examination of a granular nitrogen-fixing wastewater treatment system. Process Biochemistry, 42 (5), 863-872. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.02.009
Pratt, Chris, Shilton, Andy, Pratt, Steven, Haverkamp, Richard G. and Bolan, Nanthi S. (2007). Phosphorus Removal Mechanisms in Active Slag Filters Treating Waste Stabilization Pond Effluent. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 (9), 3296-3301. doi: 10.1021/es062496b
Pratt, S. and Yuan, Z. (2007). Quantification of the effect of CO2 transfer on titrimetric techniques used for the study of biological wastewater treatment processes. Water Sa, 33 (1), 117-121.
Yuan, Z., Pratt, S., Zeng, R. J. and Keller, J. (2006). Modelling biological processes under anaerobic conditions through integrating titrimetric and off-gas measurements - applied to EBPR systems. Water Science And Technology, 53 (1), 179-189. doi: 10.2166/wst.2006.020
Shilton, Andy N., Elmetri, Ibrahim, Drizo, Alexsandra, Pratt, Steven, Haverkamp, Richard G. and Bilby, Stuart C. (2006). Phosphorus removal by an ‘active’ slag filter–a decade of full scale experience. Water Research, 40 (1), 113-118. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.002
Shilton, A., Pratt, S., Drizo, A., Mahmood, B., Banker, S., Billings, L., Glenny, S. and Luo, D. (2005). ‘Active’ filters for upgrading phosphorus removal from pond systems. Water Science and Technology, 51 (12), 111-116.
Pratt, Steven, Yuan, Zhiguo and Keller, Jurg (2004). Modelling aerobic carbon oxidation and storage by integrating respirometric, titimetric and off-gas CO2 measurements. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 88 (2), 135-147. doi: 10.1002/bit.20199
Gapes, Daniel, Pratt, Steven, Yuan, Zhiguo and Keller, Jurg (2003). Online titrimetric and off-gas analysis for examining nitrification processes in wastewater treatment. Water Research, 37 (11), 2678-2690. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00022-8
Pratt, Steven, Yuan, Zhiguo, Gapes, Daniel, Dorigo, Marco, Zeng, Raymond J. and Keller, Jurg (2003). Development of a novel titration and off-gas analysis (TOGA) sensor for study of biological processes in wastewater treatment systems. Biotechnology And Bioengineering, 81 (4), 482-495. doi: 10.1002/bit.10490
Conference Papers
Zhang, Tianlong, Batalha, Nuno, Pratt, Steven and Laycock, Bronwyn (2019). Lignocellulosic biomass hydrothermal liquefaction to generate feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Appita Fibre Value Chain Conference 2019, Melbourne, VIC Australia, 10 - 12 December 2019. Macleod, VIC Australia: Appita.
Lin, Limin, Crick, Oliver, Pratt, Steven and Ye, Liu (2019). What matters for inhibition on freshwater anammox what matters for inhibition on freshwater anammox bacteria: salinity or the type of salts?. 2019 Innovation Conference on Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, China, 24-28 November 2019.
Lin, Limin, Pratt, Steven, Rattier, Maxime and Ye, Liu (2018). Individual and combined effect of salinity and nitrite on Anammox bacteria. IWA Nutrient Removal and Recovery Conference 2018, Brisbane, Australia, 18-21 November 2018.
Turner, Christopher, Donose, Bogdan C., Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2018). Silica fouling during CSG produced water treatment by RO membranes. 11th Conference of the Aseanian Membrane Society, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 3-6 July 2018.
Chan, Clement Matthew, Vandi, Luigi-Jules, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Richardson, Desmond E., Werker, Alan and Laycock, Bronwyn (2017). Stability of polyhydroxyalkanaote (PHA)-based wood plastic composites upon UV sunlight exposure. 2017 Fibre Value Chain Conference and Expo, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 14-16 November 2017. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Appita.
Donose, Bogdan C., Birkett, Greg and Pratt, Steven (2016). Silica trap assisted microscopy insight into early stages of scaling. The 10th Conference of Aseanian Membrane Society, Nara, Japan, 26-29 July 2016.
Chan, C., Vandi, L., Pratt, S., Halley, P., Richardson, D., Werker, A. and Laycock, B. (2016). Processing and characterisation of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-based wood plastic composites: effect of non-reactive additives. Fibre Value Chain Conference and Expo 2016: Pulp and Paper Bioenergy Bioproducts, Rotorua, New Zealand, 12 - 14 October 2016. Appita.
Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven, Halley, Peter, Werker, Alan and Lant, Paul (2013). Biodegradable polymers from pulp and paper wastewater streams. 2013 Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia, 8-10 May 2013. Carlton, VIC, Australia: Appita.
Cirne, Dores G., Bond, Philip, Pratt, Steven, Lant, Paul and Batstone, Damien J. (2010). Microbial community analysis during continuous fermentation of thermally hydrolysed waste activated sludge. AD12: 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion. Water and Energy for the World, Guadalajara, Mexico, 31 October - 4 November 2010. London, United Kingdom: International Water Association (IWA).
Lu, Yang, Slater, F. R., Mohd-Zaki, Z., Pratt, S. and Batstone, D. J. (2010). Impact of operating history on mixed culture fermentation microbial ecology and product mixture. AD12: 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion. Water and Energy for the World, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, 31 October - 4 November 2010. London, United Kingdom: International Water Association (IWA).
Arcos-Hernandez, M. V., Lant, P. and Pratt, S. (2010). Novel direct accumulation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in waste activated sludge. ISBP 2010 International Symposium on Biopolymers, Stuttgart, Germany, October 3-7 2010.
Pratt, Steven, Keymer, Philip, Lant, Paul and Keller, Jurg (2009). The Potential for generating algae derived biofuels using coal seam gas water as the growth media. Water & Industry 2009 Conference, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 30 November - 2 December. New Zealand: International Water Association.
Powell, N., Shilton, A., Pratt, S., Chisti, Y. and Grigg, N. (2007). Factors affecting biological phosphorus removal in waste stabilisation ponds: statistical analysis. 7 th International IWA Conference on Waste Stabilisation Ponds, Bangkok, Thailand, 25th - 27th September 2006. IWA.
Hintze, M. and Pratt, S. (2007). Removal of manganese for drinking water by oxidation with potassium permanganate.. New Zealand Water & Wastes Association, Rotorua, New Zealand, September 18-21, 2007.
Brian, K., Pratt, S., Gapes, D. and Shilton, A. (2007). Investigation into methanol as a carbon source for denitrification in wastewater treatment. New Zealand Water and Waste Association, Rotorua, New Zealand, 18-21 September 2007.
Powell, N., Shilton, A. N., Pratt, S. and Chisti, Y. (2006). Luxury uptake of phosphorus by microalgae in waste stabilisation ponds. 3rd Young Researchers Conference (YRC06), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 24th - 26th May 2006. International Water Association.
Yuan, Z., Pratt, S., Zeng, R. and Keller, J. (2004). Modelling aerobic carbon oxidation and storage by integrating respirometric, titrimetric and off-gas CO2 measurements. 6th International Symposium on systems Analysis and Integrated Assessment in Water Management, Beijing, China, 3rd- 5th November, 2004.
Pratt, S., Gapes, D., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2004). The rate of nitrate production during a two-stage nitrification batch reaction. 3rd IWA Specialised Conference on Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology (SBR3), Noosa, Australia, 22-26 February 2004. London, U.K.: IWA Publishing; Portland Press.
Pratt, S., Zeng, R., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2004). Comparison of methods for the determination of KLa02 for respirometric measurements. 2nd International Conference on Automation in Water Quality Monitoring, Vienna, Austria, 19-20 April 2004. London, U.K.: IWA Publishing; Portland Press.
Pratt, S., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2003). Characterising biological processes using a titration and off-gas analysis sensor.. IWA Conference on Environmental Biotechnology: Advancement on Water and Wastewater Applications in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 9-10 December 2003. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: International Water Association.
Pratt, S. and Yuan, Z. (2003). Determination of the rates of ammonia oxidation and nitrte production using titrimetric and off-gas analysis (TOGA) data.. New Zealand Wastewater Association Annual Conference, Auckland, 17-19 September 2003. Auckland: New Zealand Water and Waste Association.
Pratt, S., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2003). Improving titrimetric techniques by modelling pH change in activated sludge systems. 3rd World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association, Melbourne, Australia, 7-12 April, 2002. London, U.K.: IWA Publishing; Portland Press.
Pratt, S., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2001). Model-based data analysis activated SL systems: A case study with a titrimetric respirometer. Environmental Engineering Event 2001, Noosa, Queensland, 20/11/2001 - 23/11/2001. Noosa, Queensland: Multimedia Technology Unit - Flinders University.
Pratt, S., Yuan, Z. and Keller, J. (2000). Development of the H-Doc Biosensor for Characterisation of Activated Sludge Kinetics and Wastewater Composition. 4th Annual Australian Environmental Engineering Research Event, Victor Harbor, South Australia, Australia, 21-24 November,1999. Australia: EERE Organising Committee.
Research Report
Camenzuli, Louise, Syme, Rosie, Downie, Rachelle, McKinley, Belle, Chan, Jennifer, Lant, Paul, Laycock, Bronwyn, Pratt, Steven and Chan, Clement (2023). Biodegradability of plastics: Discussion papers. A joint collaboration between Corrs Chambers Westgarth and The University of Queensland. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland. doi: 10.14264/20d45a9
Patent
Thesis
Pratt, Steven (2003). The development of the TOGA sensor for the study of biological wastewater treatment systems. PhD Thesis, School of Engineering, The University of Queensland.