Associate Professor James Vaughan
Associate Professor
School of Chemical Engineering
+61 7 336 53850
Researcher biography
Biography:
Associate Professor James Vaughan is the Chemical Engineering Metallurgy Major Lead and Leader of the Hydrometallurgy Research Group. He obtained a Bachelor's degree in Metallurgical Engineering at McGill University followed by Master of Applied Science and PhD degrees in Materials Engineering at The University of British Columbia in Canada. Before joining UQ, James gained industrial metallurgical process research and development experience with Glencore, Barrick and BHP. While at UQ, James served as Director of the University of Queensland Rio Tinto Bauxite & Alumina Technology Centre and has been Lead Chief Investigator of Australian Research Council Linkage and Discovery Projects. He is a member of the Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) and the Advanced Materials and Batteries Council (AMBC).
Research:
James' research focuses on the fundamental aspects of leaching, ion exchange and precipitation reactions as well as membrane separations. These projects are of interest to the base metals, precious metals and alumina refining industries as well as in the fabrication of value added materials such as lithium ion battery cathode precursors and zeolites.
Current Projects:
- Extracting Queensland's rare earth elements sustainably (Queensland Department of Resources)
- Copper process innovations (UniQuest)
- New approach for producing zeolites from clay or mine tailings (Zeotech)
- Inorganic membrane percrystallisation in hydrometallurgy (ARC Discovery)
- Improving pressure oxidation for refractory gold (Newmont)
- Effects of solution impurities on gold leaching (Newmont and BHP ARC Linkage)
- Recycling vanadium catalyst (QEM Critical Minerals Trailblazer)
- Purification of battery metal solution (Lanxess Critical Minerals Trailblazer)
- Recycling batteries (V Resource)
Teaching and Learning:
- Hydrometallurgy and Electrometallurgy (METL6204)
- Metal Production and Recycling (METL2201)
Publications
Book Chapters
Nurni, Viswanathan N., Ballal, Bharath N., Ghosh, Snigdha and Vaughan, James (2024). Heat, mass, momentum and charge transport. Treasies on process metallurgy volume 1: fundamentals. (pp. 565-680) edited by Seshadri Seetharaman, Roderick Guthrie, Alexander McLean, Sridhar Seetharaman and Hong Yong Sohn. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Hayes, Peter and Vaughan, James (2024). Experimental measurement of rate phenomena. Treasies on process metallurgy. (pp. 755-765) edited by Seshadri Seetharaman, Roderick Guthrie, Alexander McLean, Sridhar Seetharaman and Hong Yong Sohn. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85935-6.00002-7
Amilton Barbosa Botelho Junior, Ummul Khair Sultana and James Vaughan (2023). Hydrometallurgical processing of e-waste and metal recovery. Management of electronic waste: resource recovery, technology and regulation. (pp. 234-288) edited by Anshu Priya. Hoboken, NJ United States: Wiley.
Jalil, Siti Nurehan Abd, Motuzas, Julius and Vaughan, James (2023). Introducing membrane percrystallisation technology for hydrometallurgical applications. New directions in mineral processing, extractive metallurgy, recycling and waste minimization: an EPD Symposium in honor of Patrick R. Taylor. (pp. 343-354) edited by Ramana G. Reddy, Alexandra Anderson, Corby G. Anderson, Camille Fleuriault, Erik D. Spiller, Mark Strauss, Edgar E. Vidal and Mingming Zhang. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22765-3_31
Peng, Hong, Vaughan, James, Ma, Shengchun, Wang, Sicheng and Tian, Xinyu (2023). Turning bauxite residue to metal adsorption materials through a low-cost approach. Light Metals 2023. (pp. 225-229) edited by Stephan Broek. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-22532-1_30
Laubie, Baptiste, Vaughan, James and Simonnot, Marie-Odile (2020). Processing of hyperaccumulator plants to nickel products. Agromining: farming for metals: extracting unconventional resources from plants. (pp. 47-61) edited by Antony van der Ent, Alan J. M. Baker, Guillaume Echevarria, Marie-Odile Simonnot and Jean Louis Morel. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-58904-2_3
Peng, Hong, Peters, Steven and Vaughan, James (2019). Leaching kinetics of thermally-activated, high silica bauxite. Light metals 2019. (pp. 11-17) edited by Corleen Chesonis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05864-7_2
Vogrin, John, Hodge, Harrison, Santini, Talitha, Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2019). Quantitative X-ray diffraction study into bauxite residue mineralogical phases. Light metals 2019. (pp. 93-99) edited by Corleen Chesonis. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-05864-7_13
Simonnot, Marie-Odile, Vaughan, James and Laubie, Baptiste (2018). Processing of bio-ore to products. Agromining: farming for metals. Extracting Unconventional Resources Using Plants. (pp. 39-51) edited by Antony van der Ent, Guillaume Echevarria, Alan J. M. Baker and Jean Louis Morel. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-61899-9_3
Journal Articles
Levett, Alan, van der Ent, Antony, Jones, Thomas Ray, Bolouri, Kimiya, Kelly, Kieran, Vaughan, James, Edraki, Mansour, Erskine, Peter and Southam, Gordon (2024). Water-soluble rare earth elements (REEs) recovered from uranium tailings. Minerals Engineering, 210 108675, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108675
Gao, Shuai, Song, Bing, Wang, Sicheng, Vaughan, James, Zhu, Zhonghua and Peng, Hong (2024). A low-cost process for complete utilization of bauxite residue. Journal of Environmental Management, 356 120751, 120751. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120751
H. Ibrahim, Mohamed, Batstone, Damien, Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen (2024). Electrochemical separation of sulfuric acid from magnesium sulfate solutions: application for nickel laterite processing. Separation and Purification Technology, 336 126291, 126291. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126291
Wang, Sicheng, Vaughan, James and Peng, Hong (2024). Nitrate-induced cancrinite precipitation in alkaline solution at low temperature and relevance to the Bayer alumina process. Hydrometallurgy, 223 106227, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106227
Nigri, Elbert M., Sultana, Ummul K., Santos, André L. A., Vaughan, James W. and Rocha, Sônia D. F. (2023). Nickel sulfate solution fluoride separation with hydrous zirconium oxide. Tungsten, 6 (2), 367-381. doi: 10.1007/s42864-023-00241-1
Vogrin, John, Santini, Talitha, Peng, Hong, Zhao, Ling and Vaughan, James (2023). Synthesis of zeolites using kaolin in concentrated sodium hydroxide-aluminate solutions. Applied Clay Science, 224 (November) 107106, 107106. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2023.107106
Abd Jalil, Siti Nurehan, Vaughan, James and Motuzas, Julius (2023). Production of pure water and dry salt from NaCl solutions via percrystallisation by supported carbon membranes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 54 103968, 103968. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103968
Wang, Sicheng, Dube, Bugalo, Vaughan, James, Gao, Shuai and Peng, Hong (2023). Silica gel free region and rare earth metal extraction correlations in reprocessing bauxite residue. Minerals Engineering, 199 108115, 108115. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108115
Wang, Sicheng, Vaughan, James, Xia, Fang, Etschmann, Barbara, Brugger, Joël, Brand, Helen and Peng, Hong (2023). Revealing the effect of anions on the formation and transformation of zeolite LTA in caustic solutions: an in situ synchrotron PXRD study. Crystal Growth and Design, 23 (5), 3660-3670. doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00106
Vogrin, John, Peng, Hong, Santini, Talitha, Lee, Li Jie and Vaughan, James (2023). The influence of sodium sulphate on sodium aluminosilicate solubility in Bayer liquor aiding the desilication process. Hydrometallurgy, 219 106079, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106079
Peng, Hong, Vu, Ngoc Quy, Vaughan, James, Wang, Sicheng and Gao, Shuai (2023). Revealing the mechanisms of metal adsorption by bauxite residue. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 62 (8), 3515-3524. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02928
Gao, Shuai, Peng, Hong, Song, Bing, Zhang, Jinxuan, Wu, Weixi, Vaughan, James, Zardo, Peter, Vogrin, John, Tulloch, Sylvia and Zhu, Zhonghua (2023). Synthesis of zeolite from low-cost feeds and its sustainable environmental applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11 (1) 108995, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108995
Liu, Yun, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, Serrano, Antonio, Gao, Han, Palfreyman, Robin, Marcellin, Esteban and Villa-Gomez, Denys K. (2022). Role of the substrate on Ni inhibition in biological sulfate reduction. Journal of Environmental Management, 316 115216, 115216. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115216
Fosu, Allen Yushark, Kanari, Ndue, Bartier, Danièle, Vaughan, James and Chagnes, Alexandre (2022). Novel extraction route of lithium from α-spodumene by dry chlorination. RSC Advances, 12 (33), 21468-21481. doi: 10.1039/d2ra03233c
Botelho Junior, Amilton Barbosa, Romano Espinosa, Denise Crocce, Vaughan, James and Soares Tenório, Jorge Alberto (2022). Extraction of rare-earth elements from silicate-based ore through hydrometallurgical route. Metals, 12 (7) 1133, 1-21. doi: 10.3390/met12071133
Whitworth, Anne J, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, van der Ent, Antony, Nkrumah, Philip N, Ma, Xiaodong and Parbhakar-Fox, Anita (2022). Review on metal extraction technologies suitable for critical metal recovery from mining and processing wastes. Minerals Engineering, 182 107537, 107537. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107537
Mazzinghy, Douglas B., Figueiredo, Ricardo A.M., Parbhakar-Fox, Anita, Yahyaei, Mohsen, Vaughan, James and Powell, Malcolm S. (2022). Trialling one-part geopolymer production including iron ore tailings as fillers. International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 36 (5), 1-12. doi: 10.1080/17480930.2022.2047271
Fu, Weng, Motuzas, Julius, Wang, David, Yacou, Christelle, Julbe, Anne, Vaughan, James and Diniz da Costa, João C. (2022). Salt storage and induced crystallisation in porous asymmetric inorganic membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 641 119872, 119872. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119872
Fosu, Allen Yushark, Kanari, Ndue, Bartier, Danièle, Hodge, Harrison, Vaughan, James and Chagnes, Alexandre (2021). Physico-chemical characteristics of spodumene concentrate and its thermal transformations. Materials, 14 (23) 7423, 7423. doi: 10.3390/ma14237423
Botelho Junior, A. B., Espinosa, D. C. R., Vaughan, J. and Tenório, J. A. S. (2021). Recovery of scandium from various sources: a critical review of the state of the art and future prospects. Minerals Engineering, 172 107148, 107148. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107148
Souza, Cássia Ribeiro, Vaughan, James, Rocha, Sônia Denise Ferreira and Birchal, Viviane Santos (2021). Manufacturing reactive magnesia from nickel laterite waste solution via nesquehonite precipitation. Hydrometallurgy, 204 105725, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105725
Fu, Weng, Hodge, Harrison and Vaughan, James (2021). Process Integration of Sulphuric Acid Leach and Particle Size Fractionation for Cleaner Copper Concentrate Production by Enhancing the Radionuclide Mobility. Separation and Purification Technology, 279 119716, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119716
Fu, Weng, Hodge, Harrison and Vaughan, James (2021). Integration of fine grinding and H2SO4 leach for the liberation, dissolution and redistribution of long-life radionuclides in copper flotation concentrate. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 155, 295-305. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.020
Peng, Hong, Qi, Tiangui, Vogrin, John, Huang, Qianmei, Wu, Weixi and Vaughan, James (2021). The effect of leaching temperature on kaolinite and meta-kaolin dissolution and zeolite re-precipitation. Minerals Engineering, 170 107071, 107071. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107071
Peng, Hong, Vaughan, James and Vogrin, John (2021). Effect of alkalinity on zeolite LTN formation under Bayer process pre-desilication conditions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 60 (28) acs.iecr.1c02134, 10119-10128. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02134
Sun, Yong-Qi, Fu, Weng, Hu, Yu-Xiang, Vaughan, James and Wang, Lian-Zhou (2021). The role of tungsten-related elements for improving the electrochemical performances of cathode materials in lithium ion batteries. Tungsten, 3 (3), 245-259. doi: 10.1007/s42864-021-00083-9
Ram, Rahul, Morrisroe, Liam, Etschmann, Barbara, Vaughan, James and Brugger, Joël (2021). Lead (Pb) sorption and co-precipitation on natural sulfide, sulfate and oxide minerals under environmental conditions. Minerals Engineering, 163 106801, 106801. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106801
Vaughan, James , Tungpalan, Kate , Parbhakar-Fox, Anita , Fu, Weng, Gagen, Emma , Nti Nkrumah, Philip , Southam, Gordon, van der Ent, Antony, Erskine, Peter, Gow, Paul and Valenta, Rick (2020). Toward Closing a Loophole: Recovering Rare Earth Elements from Uranium Metallurgical Process Tailings. JOM, 73 (1), 39-53. doi: 10.1007/s11837-020-04451-7
Ram, Rahul, Owen, Nicholas D., Kalnins, Chris, Cook, Nigel J., Ehrig, Kathy, Etschmann, Barbara, Rollog, Mark, Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James, Pring, Allan, Pownceby, Mark I., Spooner, Nigel, Shaw, Ruth, Howard, Daryl, Hooker, Anthony M., Ottaway, David, Questiaux, Danielle and Brugger, Joël (2020). Understanding the mobility and retention of uranium and its daughter products. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 410 124553, 124553. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124553
Liu, Yun, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, Serrano, Antonio, Marcellin, Esteban, Nancucheo, Ivan and Villa-Gomez, Denys K. (2020). Enhanced metal recovery by efficient agglomeration of precipitates in an up-flow fixed-bed bioreactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 416 127662, 127662. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127662
Zappala, Lauren C., Balucan, Reydick D., Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen M. (2020). Development of a nickel extraction-mineral carbonation process: analysis of leaching mechanisms using regenerated acid. Hydrometallurgy, 197 105482, 105482. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105482
Fosu, Allen Yushark, Kanari, Ndue, Vaughan, James and Chagnes, Alexandre (2020). Literature review and thermodynamic modelling of roasting processes for lithium extraction from spodumene. Metals, 10 (10) 1312, 1312-18. doi: 10.3390/met10101312
Fu, Weng, Ram, Rahul, Etschmann, Barbara, Brugger, Joël and Vaughan, James (2020). Selective impurity removal and Cu upgrading of copper flotation concentrate by a spontaneously oxidative H2SO4 leaching process. Hydrometallurgy, 195 105411, 105411. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105411
Hodge, Harrison, Hayes, Peter C., Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2020). The DSP concentrate sinter-leach process for aluminium and sodium recovery 2: leaching behaviour. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 131 (1), 1-10. doi: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1791681
Liu, Yun, Serrano, Antonio, Wyman, Valentina, Marcellin, Esteban, Southam, Gordon, Vaughan, James and Villa-Gomez, Denys (2020). Nickel complexation as an innovative approach for nickel-cobalt selective recovery using sulfate-reducing bacteria. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 402 123506, 123506. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123506
Fu, Weng, Deng, Yiquan, Ram, Rahul, Etschmann, Barbara, Owen, Nicholas D., Brugger, Joël and Vaughan, James (2020). Selective Removal of radioactive 210Pb(II) and nonradioactive Pb(II) isotopes from Cu(II)-rich acidic chloride solution by a new polyamine anion exchanger. Separation and Purification Technology, 251 117359, 117359. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117359
Vogrin, John, Santini, Talitha, Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2020). Influence of chloride on sodium aluminosilicate solubility in Bayer liquor. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 299 110086, 110086. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110086
Peng, Hong, Kim, Tae and Vaughan, James (2020). Acid Leaching of Desilication Products: Implications for Acid Neutralisation of Bauxite Residue. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59 (17) acs.iecr.0c00423, 8174-8182. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00423
Hodge, Harrison, Hayes, Peter C., Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2020). The DSP concentrate sinter-leach process for aluminium and sodium recovery 1. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 131 (1), 1-9. doi: 10.1080/25726641.2020.1727175
Ichlas, Z. T., Mubarok, M. Z., Magnalita, A., Vaughan, J. and Sugiarto, A. T. (2020). Processing mixed nickel‑cobalt hydroxide precipitate by sulfuric acid leaching followed by selective oxidative precipitation of cobalt and manganese. Hydrometallurgy, 191 105185, 105185. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105185
Vogrin, John, Santini, Talitha, Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2019). The anion effect on sodium aluminosilicates formed under Bayer process digestion conditions. Hydrometallurgy, 192 105236, 105236. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105236
Ram, Rahul, Vaughan, James, Etschmann, Barbara and Brugger, Joël (2019). The aqueous chemistry of Polonium (Po) in environmental and anthropogenic processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 380 120725, 120725. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.06.002
Liu, Yun, Serrano, Antonio, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, Zhao, Ling and Villa-Gomez, Denys (2019). The influence of biologically produced sulfide-containing solutions on nickel and cobalt precipitation reactions and particle settling properties. Hydrometallurgy, 189 105142, 105142. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105142
Hodge, Harrison, Rowles, Matthew R., Hayes, Peter C., Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2019). Bauxite residue sinter leach process – phases formation, reaction pathways and kinetics. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, 130 (4), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/25726641.2019.1644778
Vaughan, James , Peng, Hong , Seneviratne, Dilini , Hodge, Harrison , Hawker, William , Hayes, Peter and Staker, Warren (2019). The sandy desilication product process concept. JOM, 71 (9), 2928-2935. doi: 10.1007/s11837-019-03617-2
Madsen, Rasmus S.K., Motuzas, Julius, Julbe, Anne, Vaughan, James and Diniz da Costa, João C. (2019). Novel membrane percrystallisation process for nickel sulphate production. Hydrometallurgy, 185, 210-217. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.02.015
Peng, Hong, Gudgeon, James and Vaughan, James (2019). Nucleation phenomena of supersaturated KCl solutions revealing by molecular dynamic simulation: implication of dehydration shell process. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 283, 108-115. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.076
Zappala, Lauren C., Balucan, Reydick D., Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen M. (2019). Analysis of a reactive distillation process to recover tertiary amines and acid for use in a combined nickel extraction‐mineral carbonation process. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 38 (3) ep.13141, e13141. doi: 10.1002/ep.13141
Madsen, Rasmus S. K., Motuzas, Julius, Vaughan, James, Julbe, Anne and Diniz da Costa, João C. (2018). Fine control of NaCl crystal size and particle size in percrystallisation by tuning the morphology of carbonised sucrose membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 567, 157-165. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.003
Hawker, William, Vaughan, James, Jak, Evgueni and Hayes, Peter C. (2018). The synergistic copper process concept. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 127 (4), 210-220. doi: 10.1080/03719553.2017.1375768
Peng, Hong, Ding, Mengliu and Vaughan, James (2018). The anion effect on zeolite LTA to sodalite phase transformation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 57 (31) xxx, 10292-10302. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02026
Staun, C., Vaughan, J., Lopez-Anton, M. A., Rumayor, M. and Martínez-Tarazona, M. R. (2018). Geochemical speciation of mercury in bauxite. Applied Geochemistry, 93, 30-35. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.03.007
Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2018). Aluminate effect on desilication product phase transformation. Journal of Crystal Growth, 492, 84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2018.04.013
Motuzas, Julius, Yacou, Christelle, Madsen, Rasmus S. K., Fu, Weng, Wang, David K., Julbe, Anne, Vaughan, James and da Costa, João C. (2018). Novel inorganic membrane for the percrystallization of mineral, food and pharmaceutical compounds. Journal of Membrane Science, 550, 407-415. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.077
Peng, Hong, Vaughan, James and Vogrin, John (2018). The effect of thermal activation of kaolinite on its dissolution and reprecipitation as zeolites in alkaline aluminate solution. Applied Clay Science, 157, 189-197. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2018.03.002
Staun, Chris, Bansal, Neetu and Vaughan, James (2018). Electrocrystallization and solubility of mercury in alkaline solution. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 96 (4), 385-393. doi: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0592
Peng, Hong, Seneviratne, Dilini and Vaughan, James (2018). Role of the amorphous phase during sodium aluminosilicate precipitation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 57 (5), 1408-1416. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04538
Shenxu, Bao, Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2017). Scandium loading on chelating and solvent impregnated resin from sulfate solution. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 36 (1), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/07366299.2017.1412917
Vaughan, James, Riggio, Justin, Chen, Jeff, Peng, Hong, Harris, Hugh H. and van der Ent, Antony (2017). Characterisation and hydrometallurgical processing of nickel from tropical agromined bio-ore. Hydrometallurgy, 169, 346-355. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.01.012
Salimi, Reza and Vaughan, James (2016). Crystallisation of tricalcium aluminate from sodium aluminate solution using slaked lime. Powder Technology, 294, 472-483. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.03.017
Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James and Gillespie, Alistair (2016). In situ AFM investigation of gibbsite growth in high ionic strength, highly alkaline, aqueous media. Hydrometallurgy, 161, 71-76. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.01.030
Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James, Gillespie, Alistair and Aroff, Nabilah Mohamed (2016). Mechanisms of polyacrylate modified sodium oxalate crystallization from highly alkaline solutions. Crystal Growth and Design, 16 (3), 1519-1530. doi: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01645
van der Ent, Antony, Baker, Alan J. M., Reeves, Roger D., Chaney, Rufus L., Anderson, Christopher W. N., Meech, John A., Erskine, Peter D., Simonnot, Marie-Odile, Vaughan, James, Morel, Jean Louis, Echevarria, Guillaume, Fogliani, Bruno, Rongliang, Qiu and Mulligan, David R. (2015). Agromining: farming for metals in the future?. Environmental Science and Technology, 49 (8), 4773-4780. doi: 10.1021/es506031u
Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James and Gillespie, Alistair (2015). In situ AFM investigation of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of sodium oxalate on industrial gibbsite surfaces in concentrated alkaline solution. Chemical Engineering Science, 126, 399-405. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.12.057
Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James and Gillespie, Alistair (2015). Aspects of the mechanism of nucleation and intergrowth of gibbsite crystals on sodium oxalate surfaces in concentrated alkaline solutions. Crystal Growth and Design, 15 (1), 374-383. doi: 10.1021/cg501465v
Vaughan, James, Dieters, Caleb, Fu, Weng and Byrne, Kelly (2015). Properties of Lewatit® TP272, a commercial solvent impregnated cation exchange resin for cobalt recovery. Minerals Engineering, 88, 2-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.07.005
Salimi, Reza, Vaughan, James and Peng, Hong (2014). Solubility of tricalcium aluminate in synthetic spent Bayer liquor. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 53 (44), 17499-17505. doi: 10.1021/ie502693p
Fu, Weng, Vaughan, James and Gillespie, Alistair (2014). Effects of inorganic anions on the morphology of sodium oxalate crystallized from highly alkaline solutions. Crystal Growth and Design, 14 (4), 1972-1980. doi: 10.1021/cg5000952
Bansal, Neetu, Vaughan, James, Boullemant, Amiel and Leong, Tony (2014). Determination of total mercury in bauxite and bauxite residue by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchemical Journal, 113, 36-41. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.002
Littlejohn, Patrick and Vaughan, James (2014). Selective elution of nickel and cobalt from iminodiacetic acid cation exchange resin using ammoniacal solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 141, 24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.10.009
Chong, Sebastian, Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2013). Selective reductive leaching of an oxidised cobalt hydroxide containing residue. Minerals Engineering, 54, 82-87. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.004
Littlejohn, Patrick and Vaughan, James (2013). Recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterite leach tailings through resin-in-pulp scavenging and selective ammoniacal elution. Minerals Engineering, 54, 14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.02.002
Williams, Chelsea, Hawker, William and Vaughan, James William (2013). Selective leaching of nickel from mixed nickel cobalt hydroxide precipitate. Hydrometallurgy, 138, 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.05.015
Littlejohn, Patrick and Vaughan, James (2012). Selectivity of commercial and novel mixed functionality cation exchange resins in mildly acidic sulfate and mixed sulfate-chloride solution. Hydrometallurgy, 121 (121-124), 90-99. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.04.001
Harvey, Robin, Hannah, Robert and Vaughan, James (2011). Selective precipitation of mixed nickel–cobalt hydroxide. Hydrometallurgy, 105 (3-4), 222-228. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.10.003
Vaughan, J, Reid, P and Alfantazi, A (2010). Corrosion of Ti-2 and Ti-7 relevant to nickel acid leach chemistry. Hydrometallurgy, 101 (3-4), 156-165. doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.12.011
Vaughan, J., Tu, J. and Dreisinger, D. (2008). Ionic liquid electrodeposition of reactive metals. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 17 (2), 113-117. doi: 10.1179/174328508X290902
Vaughan, James and Dreisinger, David (2008). Electrodeposition of aluminum from aluminum chloride–trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride. Journal of the Elecrochemical Society, 155 (1), D68-D72. doi: 10.1149/1.2804422
Vaughan, J. and Alfantazi, A. (2006). Corrosion of Titanium and Its Alloys in Sulfuric Acid in the Presence of Chlorides. Journal of the Elecrochemical Society, 153 (1), B6-B12. doi: 10.1149/1.2126580
Conference Papers
Vaughan, James, Legge, Peter, Gudgeon, James and Peng, Hong (2024). Manipulating iron precipitation and gold deportment during pressure oxidation. TMS 2024, Orlando, FL, United States, 3-7 March 2024. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-50236-1_28
Peng, Hong, Vaughan, James, Wang, Sicheng, Vogrin, John and Seneviratne, Dilini (2024). Chemical thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of Bayer process desilication. Light Metals 2024, Orlando, FL United States, 3 - 7 March 2024. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-50308-5_1
Fosu, A.Y., Kanari, N., Deng, Y., Motuzas, J., Howes, T., Vaughan, J. and Chagnes, A. (2023). Novel extraction route for lithium from alpha spodumene by chlorination roasting and inorganic membrane percrystalisation. 26th World Mining Congress, Brisbane, QLD Australia, 26-29 June 2023. Brisbane, QLD Australia: World Mining Congress.
Vaughan, J., Gontijo, V.L., Valenta, R. and Alonso, E. (2023). Rare earth element sources, end-use demand trends, and hydrometallurgical separations. 26th World Mining Congress, Brisbane, QLD Australia, 26-29 June 2023. Brisbane, QLD Australia: World Mining Congress.
Vaughan, James, Fu, Weng, Hawker, William, Byrne, Kelly, Hodge, Harrison, Cardenas, Efrain, Hayes, Peter and Cook, Nigel (2022). The removal of radionuclides during metallurgical processing iron oxide copper gold uranium ores. Copper 2022, Santiago, Chile, 13-17 November 2022. Santiago, Chile: The Chilean Institute of Mining Engineers.
Audet, Denis, Vaughan, James and Peng, Hong (2022). Low cost improvements to the Sandy DSP process. International ICSOBA Conference, Athens, Greece, 10-14 October 2022. Quebec, Canada: ICSOBA.
Fu, Weng, Guan, Yujia, Kelly, Kieran and Vaughan, James (2022). Efficient rare earth extraction from Mary Kathleen uranium process tailings via H2SO4 baking and water leaching. ALTA Metallurgical Conference, Perth, Australia, 22-26 May 2022. Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Ogilvie, Horace, Vaughan, James and Peng, Hong (2020). Inhibition of Kaolinite Dissolution in Bayer Liquor Through Lithium Addition. 149th TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition - Light Metals 2020, San Diego, CA United States, 23-27 February 2020. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-36408-3_5
Liu, Yun, Serrano, Antonio, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon, Nancucheo, Ivan and Villa Gomez, Denys K. (2019). The single-stage up-flow fixed bed reactor (UFBR) treating nickel and cobalt-containing wastewater. 23rd International Bio-hydrometalurgy Symposium, Fukuoka, Japan, 20–23 October 201.
Liu, Yun, Wyman, Valentina, Serrano, Antonio, Southam, Gordon, Vaughan, James and Villa Gomez, Denys K. (2019). Ni stress to sulphate reducing bacteria enhances Ni complexation: Opportunity for Ni-Co separation from wastewater. IWA 16th World Conference on Anaerobic Digestion Conference AD16, Delft, The Netherlands, 23-27 June 2019.
Hawker, William, Byrne, Kelly and Vaughan, James (2019). Upgrading copper sulphide concentrates through high temperature metathesis reactions. 58th Conference of Metallurgists Hosting Copper 2019, Vancouver, Canada, 19-21 August 2019. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Vaughan, James, Lakemond, Stefan, Hawker, William, Wilmot, Stephen, Wittig, Richard and Zikarsky, Bjorn (2019). Development of selective nickel leaching technology for refining mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide precipitate. ALTA 2019 Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference, Perth, WA Australia, 20-22 May 2019. Melbourne, VIC Australia: ALTA.
Dry, Mike, Vaughan, James and Hawker, William (2019). Environmental evaluation of making nickel sulphate. ALTA 2019 Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference, Perth, Australia, 18-25 May 2019. Blackburn North, VIC, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Fu, Weng, Lakemond, Stefan and Vaughan, James (2019). Selective dissolution of radionuclides from a copper flotation concentrate using two-stage leaching process. Copper 2019, Vancouver, Canada, 18-21 August 2019. Montreal, Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Byrne, Kelly, Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2018). Deportment of radionuclides during copper concentrate metathesis reactions. ALTA 2018, Perth, WA Australia, 19-26 May 2018. Melbourne, VIC Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Jak, Eugene, Shishin, Denis, Hawker, Will, Vaughan, James and Hayes, Peter C. (2018). Improved copper smelter and converter productivity through the use of a novel high-grade feed. First Global Conference on Extractive Metallurgy, Ottawa, Canada, 26-29 August 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_21
Hodge, Harrison, Hawker, William, Hayes, Peter and Vaughan, James (2018). Kinetics of bauxite residue sintering. First Global Conference on Extractive Metallurgy, Ottawa, Canada, 26-29 August 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_67
Zappala, Lauren, Balucan, Reydick, Vaughan, James and Steel, Karen (2018). An acid recovery and mineral carbonation process forthe nickel industry. 6th International Conference on Accelerated Carbonation for Environmental and Material Engineering, ACEME 2018, Newcastle, NSW, Australia, 11 - 14 March, 2018. New York, NY, United States: AIChE.
Fu, Weng, Lao, Sabrina, Ding, Yepeng and Vaughan, James (2018). Separation of lead from chalcopyrite slurry using Resin-in-Pulp. First Global Conference on Extractive Metallurgy, Ottawa, Canada, 26-29 August 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_174
Vaughan, James, Fu, Weng, Peng, Hong, Hawker, Will, Hayes, Peter C. and Robinson, Dave (2018). Australian hydrometallurgy research and development. First Global Conference on Extractive Metallurgy, Ottawa, Canada, 26-29 August 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_142
Salimi, Reza, Tan, Sue Ying and Vaughan, James (2018). Filtration efficiency of tricalcium aluminate filter aid synthesized with batch and continuous stirred reactors. 36th International ICSOBA Conference - Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminium Industry in Brazil and New Global Developments, Belem, Brazil, 29 October-1 November 2018. Belem, Brazil: ICSOBA.
Vogrin, J., Vaughan, J., Peng, H. and Santini, T. (2018). Characterisation and steps toward structure solution of synthetic anion-substituted desilication products. Alumina2018, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, 9-14 September 2018. Applecross, WA, Australia: AQW.
Peng, H., Vaughan, J., Staker, W., Wang, J. and Wen, W. (2018). Advanced characterisation of bauxite residue. Alumina2018, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, 9-14 September 2018. Applecross, WA, Australia: AQW.
Seneviratne, D.N., Peng, H., Gillespie, A.R. and Vaughan, J. (2018). An investigation of Bayer desilication product agglomeration mechanisms by kernel function population balance modelling. Alumina2018, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, 9-14 September 2018. Applecross, WA, Australia: AQW.
Qi, T., Hodge, H., Hawker, W., Hayes, P. and Vaughan, J. (2018). A review of the bauxite residue sinter-leach process. Alumina2018, Gladstone, QLD, Australia, 9-14 September 2018. Applecross, WA, Australia: AQW .
Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2018). In-situ XRD investigation of bauxite dehydroxylation. TMS 2018 147th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Phoenix, Arizona, 11-15 March 2018. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-72484-3_3
Ivana, A., Hawker, W. and Vaughan, J. (2017). Ferric sulfate precipitation at gold pressure oxidation conditions. COM2017, Vancouver, Canada, 27-30 August 2017. Westmount, QC Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (CIM).
Hodge, Harrison, Tam, Priti, Vaughan, James and Panias, Dimitris (2017). Bauxite residue sinter phase transformations. International Slag Valorisation Symposium, Leuven, Belgium, 3-5 April 2017. Leuven, Belgium: International Slag Valorisation Symposium.
Liu, Yun, Yao, Ming, Yoong, I., Peces, Miriam, Vaughan, James, Southam, Gordon and Villa Gomez, Denys K. (2017). Strategies in Ni and Co recovery with biogenic sulphide. 1st International congress on Metals in Anaerobic Biotechnologies (IMAB17), Seville, Spain, 4-6 October 2017. Seville, Spain:
Seneviratne, Dilini, Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2017). The impact of organic additives on phase transformation and particle size of Bayer process desilication product. 35th ICSOBA Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 2-5 October 2017. Hamburg, Germany: ICSOBA.
Vaughan, J., Hawker, W., Chen, J. and van der Ent, A. (2016). The extractive metallurgy of agromined nickel. XXVIII International Mineral Processing Congress, Quebec, Canada, 11-15 September 2016. Quebec, Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Patel, M., Vaughan, J. and Clarke, W. (2016). Using municipal solid waste for biogenic hydrogen sulphide production. Chemeca Conference, Adelaide, Australia, 25-28 September 2016. Melbourne, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Staun, Chris, Vaughan, James and Morrison, Helen (2016). Stabilisation of mercury during Bayer process digestion. International Mineral Processing Congress, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, 11-15 September 2016. Quebec City, Quebec, Canada: Canadian Institute Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Hawker, William, Vaughan, James, Jak, Evgueni and Hayes, Peter C. (2016). The synergistic copper process - a new process route for low-energy copper production. Copper 2016, Kobe Japan, 14-16 December 2016. Kobe, Japan: The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan.
Byrne, Kelly, Hawker, William and Vaughan, James (2016). Effect of key parameters on the selective acid leach of nickel from mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide. International Process Metallurgy Conference, Bandung, Indonesia, 10-11 December 2016. MELVILLE: International Process Metallurgy Conference. doi: 10.1063/1.4974412
Peng, H., Vaughan, J. and Zieba, M. (2015). The thermodynamic approach to predicting silicate solubility. 10th International Alumina Quality Workshop, Perth, WA, Australia, 19-23 April 2015. AQW Incorporated.
Fu, Weng and Vaughan, James (2014). Sodium oxalate growth on industrial gibbsite with in-situ optical microscopy. Hydrometallurgy 2014: 7th International Symposium, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22-25 June, 2014. Westmount, QC, Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Hawker, William, Vaughan, James, Hayes, Peter, Jak, Evgueni, Keating, Tony and Hourn, Mike (2014). A synergistic hydro- and pyro-metallurgical process for low-energy copper production. ALTA 2014: Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference, Perth, WA, Australia, 24-31 May, 2014. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services Publications.
Salimi, Reza and Vaughan, James (2014). Batch tricalcium aluminate crystallisation and particle morphology. Hydrometallurgy 2014: 7th International Symposium, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22-25 June, 2014. Westmount, QC, Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Bansal, Neetu, Vaughan, James, Tam Wai Yin, Pritii, Leong, Tony and Boullemant, Amiel (2014). Chemical thermodynamics of mercury in the Bayer process. Hydrometallurgy 2014: 7th International Symposium, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22-25 June, 2014. Westmount, QC, Canada: Canadian Institute Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Vaughan, J., Hawker, W., Keating, T. and Cox, J. (2013). Engineering aspects of the selective acid leaching process for refining mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide. 4th Annual Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Event, Perth, WA, Australia, 25 May-1 June 2013. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Lakemond, S., Ku, L. I. and Vaughan, J. (2013). Effect of carbon type on adsorption of Cu, Zn, Ag and Au from mixed cyanide solution. 5th World Gold 2013 Conference, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 26-29 September, 2013. Carlton, VIC, Australia: AusIMM: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
Bansal, Neetu, Vaughan, J., Boullemant, Amiel and Leong, Tony (2013). The determination of trace mercury in environmental samples: a review. Chemeca 2013: Challenging tomorrow, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 29 September–2 October, 2013. Barton, ACT, Australia: Institution of Engineers Australia.
Fu, Weng and Vaughan, James (2013). Morphological investigation of sodium oxalate crystals grown in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Light Metals 2013 - TMS 2013 142nd Annual Meeting and Exhibition, San Antonio, United States, 3-7 March 2013. Hoboken, NJ, New York: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118663189.ch34
Littlejohn, Patrick, Vaughan, James and Nikoloski, Aleks (2012). Elution strategies for recovery of nickel and cobalt from laterite tails through scavenging resin-in-pulp. ALTA 2012, Perth, Australia, 26-29 May 2012. Melbourne, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Littlejohn, P. and Vaughan, J. (2012). Resin-in-pulp for metalliferous mine drainage remediation. 51st Annual Conference of Metallurgists (COM 2012), Niagra, ON, Canada, 30 September - 3 October 2012.
Vaughan, J., Hawker, W. and White, D. (2011). Chemical aspects of mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide precipitation and refining. ALTA 2011 Nickel-Cobalt-Copper Conference, Perth, Australia, 23-28 May 2011. Alan Taylor, ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Littlejohn, P. and Vaughan, J. (2010). Selective ammoniacal elution of nickel and cobalt from iminodiacetate cation exchange resin. ALTA 2010 Nickel-Cobalt-Copper, Uranium and Gold Conference, Perth, W.A., Australia, 24-29 May 2010. Melbourne, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services.
Wassink, Berend, Lu, J., Vaughan, James, Dreisinger, David and West-Sells, Paul (2008). The Treatment of the Carmack’s Copper-Gold Ore by Acid Leaching and Cyanide Leaching with SART Recovery of Copper and Cyanide from Barren Cyanide Solution. Hydrometallurgy 2008 - 6th International Symposium - Honoring Robert Shoemaker, Phoenix, Arizona, 17-20 August 2008. SME (Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration).
Vaughan, James and Dreisinger, David (2008). Potentiodynamic Polarization of Platinum and Aluminum in AlCl3-[P14,6,6,6]Cl Melts. 214th ECS Meeting, Honolulu, HI, USA, 12 - 17 October, 2008. United States: Electrochemical Society, Inc.. doi: 10.1149/1.3159344
Vaughan, James, Tu, Jack and Dreisinger, David (2006). Ionic liquid electro-deposition of reactive metals. Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, San Diego Ca, Aug 27-31, 2006. WARRENDALE: MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC.
Vaughan, James, Tu, Jack and Dreisinger, David (2006). Ionic liquid electro-deposition of reactive metals. Sohn International Symposium on Advanced Processing of Metals and Materials, San Diego, CA United States, 27-31 August 2006. Warrendale, PA United States: TMS.
Vaughan, James W., Dreisinger, David and Haggins, Jana (2006). Density, viscosity and conductivity of tetraalkyl phosphonium ionic liquids. International Symposium on Electrochemistry in Mineral and Metal Processing, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 7-12 May 2006. Pennington, NJ, U.S.A.: Electrochemical Society. doi: 10.1149/1.2196027
Vaughan, J. and Alfantazi, A. (2004). The thermodynamics of titanium corrosion in acidic systems. Pressure Hydrometallurgy 2004: 34th Annual Hydrometallurgy Meeting, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 23-27 October 2004. Metallurgical Society (MetSoc) of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM).
Vaughan, J., Reid, P., Alfantazi, A., Dreisinger, D., Tromans, D. and Elboujdaini, M. (2003). Corrosion of titanium and Ti-alloys at high temperatures and pressures. International Symposium on Environmental Degradation of Materials and Corrosion Control in Metals, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 24 - 27 August 2003. Montréal, Canada: Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.
Research Report
e Abreu, Susana Brito, Southam, Gordon, Villa Gomez, Denys, Ma, Xiaodong, Vaughan, James, Micklethwaite, Steven, Forbes, Liza and Parbhakar-Fox, Anita (2022). Review of mineral processing technologies suitable for arsenic recovery from sulphidic ores and wastes. Brisbane, QLD Australia: The University of Queensland.
Patents
Vaughan, James William and Mann, David Andrew (2024). Hydrometallurgical process for copper. 2024901144.
Vaughan, James and Hawker, William (2021). Dissolution of Metals. 2021900570.
Vaughan, James and Hawker, William (2021). Precipitation of Metals. 2021900571.
Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2020). Leached spodumene residue treatment. 2020903792.
Vaughan, James and Fu, Weng (2020). Method for separating radionuclides from ores, ore concentrates, and tailings. 2020901528.
Vaughan, James, Peng, Hong, Gudgeon, James and Kelly, Kieran (2019). Process for high purity alumina. 2019904388.
Peng, Hong and Vaughan, James (2019). Synthesis of adsorption materials. 2019901952.
Hawker, William, Vaughan, James, Hayes, Peter and Jak, Evgueni (2014). Copper processing. Australian Provisional Patent # 2014900280.
Hawker, William, Vaughan, James and Hayes, Peter (2013). Copper processing method. Australian Provisional Patent Application # 2013904688.
Littlejohn, Patrick and Vaughan, James (2012). Resin scavenging of nickel and cobalt. Australian Provisional Patent Application # 2012904011.
Vaughan, James, Chong Lee Jin, Sebastian and Hawker, William (2012). Method of material processing. Australian Provisional Patent Application # 2012903194.
Vaughan, James and Hawker, William (2012). Method of processing a manganese containing material. Australian Provisional Patent Application # 2012903193.
Vaughan, James and Hawker, William (2012). Improved method of ore processing. WO2012100293 A1.
Vaughan, James (2011). Method of recovering a metal. WO/2011/156861.